Page 104 on the whole, then, it may be concluded that there is a greater exudation of latex from wounds made at the base of the trunks of hevea trees than at any higher region. The importance of heterozygosis and breeding is a new theme for the section on breeding. Developments in crop science natural rubber biology. Hevea brasiliensis is a deciduous tree growing to 20 m 65ft by 16 m 52ft at a fast rate. Aug 04, 2009 however, the rubber tree hevea brasiliensis is the only economically viable source of natural rubber due to its good yield of rubber and the excellent physical properties of the rubber products. Physiological principles for determining the value of the various rubber tapping methods, founded on some experiments made on hevea brasiliensis. This species is preferred because it grows well under cultivation. Ethylene stimulation of latex production in hevea brasiliensis. Natural rubber, the white sap from the rubber tree, hevea brasiliensis, was used by mexican indians and came to europe around the year 1500 ad. The international natural rubber market, 18701930 eh. Fungal structures were observed and examined by using a motic smz 168 series stereomicroscope and photographed with an axio camera on a zeiss discover v8 stereomicroscope. In the second edition of this book, the origin, upkeep and latex harvest from the hevea rubber tree are dealt with succinctly. A properly managed tree responds to wounding by producing more latex for several years.
Discover lifes page about the biology, natural history, ecology, identification and distribution of hevea brasiliensis rubber tree discover life. Hevea brasiliensis is native to brazil parts of the amazon basin and matto grosso and the. Hevea brasiliensis, euphorbiaceae lecture 22 rubber a latex yielding plant native to south america amazon region. We use hevea brasiliensis to create the core of our flooring because it provides greater dimensional. Natural rubber derived from hevea brasiliensis willd. Usda, 2009 the rubber tree hevea brasiliensis is a fast growing, medium to tall tree 25 m high in plantations and up to 40 m in the wild, with deep taproots. Chapter 1 historical development of the world rubber industry. In this chapter a brief history of the development of the hevea nr industry will be described and contrasted with that of the synthetic rubbers. Many advances have been made in the understanding of the cultivation and biology of the rubber tree, hevea brasiliensis, and this book covers the essential. The nr plantation industry has evolved over the years from a largely agricultural based product to that of a technically specified industrial feedstock producer that supports a multitude of industries on rubber products for diverse applications. It is the most economically important member of the genus hevea because the milky latex extracted. Many advances have been made in the understanding of the cultivation and biology of the rubber tree, hevea brasiliensis, and this book covers the essential elements of rubber breeding and.
Cultivated on plantations in the tropics and subtropics, especially in southeast asia and western africa, it replaced the rubber plant in the early 20th century as the chief source of natural rubber. Hevea brasiliensis definition of hevea brasiliensis by the. Updated for itis by the flora of north america expertise network, in connection with an update for usda plants 20072010 reference for. Natural rubber is still a high volume commodity with an annual production of 67 million tonnes dry rubber. Unfortunately, demand for these timbers have seen vast swathes of deciduous and tropical forest habitat destroyed. Apr 02, 2020 rubber tree, hevea brasiliensis, south american tropical tree of the spurge family euphorbiaceae. Search the history of over 439 billion web pages on the internet. Amongst the industrial elastomers, natural rubber nr latex from hevea is the largest source of renewable elastomer. These key features enable rubber trees to thrive through the period of greatest water demand. Hevea brasiliensis is an equatorial species indigenous to the amazon rain forest. The trunk is cylindrical, unbranched up a long way and then with muchbranched leafy canopy, but frequently swollen towards the base. Three types of root disease, classified as white, red, and brown, are controlled by cutting away diseased tissue and applying prophylactic coatings. There are 9 species of hevea, of which hevea brasiliensis is the most important.
About the publisher forgotten books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Hevea brasiliensis article about hevea brasiliensis by. Although rubber is still tapped from wild trees in the amazon basin, production in south american plantations is hampered by a fungal disease known as south american leaf blight. Description rubber is an economically important material that occurs naturally and can be produced synthetically. Hevea brasiliensis an overview sciencedirect topics. Hevea brasiliensis can be distinguished from its deciduous habit, typically 3040 m tall with a leafy crown. This contention is amply supported by the observance of tetravalents during meiosis ong, 1975. Although some wildgrown trees are still tapped for their sap, most commercial. The native indians of the area used the product to make.
Publication date 1908 topics rubber, hevea publisher. The latex of hevea brasiliensis contains high levels of both. About rubberwood hevea brasiliensis mahogany, teak, oak, beech, all names that youd usually associate with high quality furniture. However, the mechanism of ethylene action are not completely elucidated, especially in molecular aspect. Physiological principles for determining the value of the. The wickham population has been the basis for rubber domestication and has evolved through a breeding history of one. Rubber is an economically important material that occurs naturally and can be produced synthetically. Seeds can be eaten when boiled, oil in seeds can be used for illumination. The proteins in each fraction were resolved by twodimensional gel electrophoresis. About this book rubber is an economically important material that occurs naturally and can be produced synthetically. Natural rubber derived from latex of the hevea brasiliensis tree constitutes over 30% of the worlds rubber hydrocarbon consumption. Hevea brasiliensis synonyms, hevea brasiliensis pronunciation, hevea brasiliensis translation, english dictionary definition of hevea brasiliensis.
French botanist and explorer jean baptiste christophore fusee aublet first described hevea as a genus in 1775. The history of the evolution of natural rubber, or nr as it is usually known, from a. Hevea brasiliensis is a plantation hardwood timber that shares the same high density and strength as white oak which is native to the us. This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. A superb book, very concise and well written, giving a wealth of information on 400 or more species including descriptions, habitat, cultivation details and plant uses. Hevea brasiliensis is supposed to have become a stabilized amphidiploid 4x 36. In the wild may reach heights of 100 to 125 ft with large cylindrical trunks with or without buttresses. Wickhams theft of the rubbertree seeds seems to have been one of the few things he got right. The trunk is smooth and straight with a grayish bark. The latex of the commercial rubber tree, hevea brasiliensis, was fractionated by ultracentrifugation as described by g. Amazon basin, but widely planted in southeast asia and west africa for rubber production.
A wealth of colour photographs bring each plant vividly to life. It is known for its laticiferous system from which latex is extracted by tapping the. Way more information than you ever wanted on how to fell a tree. Historical development of the world rubber industry k. Hevea brasiliensis occurs in forest edges and gaps. Hevea brasiliensis article about hevea brasiliensis by the. Awesome weapon though, flings brass far enough to entertain my cats. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages. The major commercial source of natural rubber latex is the amazonian rubber tree hevea brasiliensis, a member of the spurge family, euphorbiaceae.
Nr is a latex polymer with high elasticity, flexibility, and resilience that has played a critical role in the world economy since 1876. Root decaying pathogens, rigidoporus lignosis and phellinus noxius are considered economically important in africa and asia due to the fact that they are most dangerous root parasites of the hevea trees. No other book on natural rubber covers such a broad spectrum of subjects as this unique publication. Rubber tree, hevea brasiliensis, south american tropical tree of the spurge family euphorbiaceae.
The latex of hevea brasiliensis contains high levels of. New chapters have been included on propagation systems and genetic resources. Hevea brasiliensis is supposed to have become a stabilized amphidiploid 4x 36 during the course of evolution. For these reasons, environmental historian charles c. Though known to indians of south america centuries before columbus, europeans could not make practical use of cahutchu for some 300 years. Hevea brasiliensis definition of hevea brasiliensis by. Its botany, cultivation, chemistry and diseases, with plates and diagrams classic reprint herbert wright on. Hevea brasiliensis deciduous tree of the amazon and orinoco rivers having leathery leaves and fragrant yellowwhite flowers. Hevea africa ltd origin of rubber tree hevea brasiliensis. Rubber tree hevea brasiliensis is an important industrial crop for natural rubber production. It is of major economic importance because the milky latex extracted from the tree is the primary source of natural rubber. Hevea brasiliensis, a member of the euphorbiaceae family, is the major commercial source of natural rubber nr. Hevea brasiliensis is native to brazil parts of the amazon basin and matto grosso and the guianas, but most of the worlds rubber comes from plantations in indonesia, thailand and malaysia. Its botany, cultivation, chemistry and diseases, with.
Effects of white root rot disease on hevea brasiliensis. It is the most economically important member of the genus hevea. The latex collected from the trees is a colloidal dispersion containing rubber hydrocarbon particles in addition to nonrubbers of biological origin. The hevea tree is subject to many types of diseases that must be controlled for economic production. Subjects related to the biology, cultivation and technology of natural rubber are dealt with, along with such important aspects as its history, production and processing, through to its sophisticated engineering applications. Most of the other members of the genus are small to medium trees, and h. It is the most economically important member of the genus hevea because the milky latex extracted from the tree is the primary source of natural rubber. It is therefore an excellent, environmentally sound substitute for oak and other slow growing hardwood species. Thus, by geographical accident, the first period of rubbers commercial history, from the late 1700s through 1900, was centered in brazil. Many advances have been made in the understanding of the cultivation and biology of the rubber tree, hevea brasiliensis, and this book covers the essential elements of rubber breeding and physiology to provide a guide for.
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